Can fasting lead to ketoacidosis?

medicalnewstoday.com - Starvation ketoacidosis: Signs, causes, treatment, and more

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Starvation ketoacidosis happens when a person has undergone an extended period of fasting. During starvation ketoacidosis, fatty acids replace glucose as the primary source of fuel for the body. Starvation ketoacidosis is rare, but certain people may have a higher risk of developing it than others. Individuals at higher risk include those with eating disorders. Starvation ketoacidosis can be serious if a person does not seek treatment, and it could even result in death. This article discusses starvation ketoacidosis in more detail, including its symptoms and how to treat and prevent it. What is starvation ketoacidosis? Share on Pinterest Sean Justice/Getty Images Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state associated with high levels of ketones in the blood. Ketones build up when the body breaks down fatty acids to use for energy in place of carbohydrate. Starvation ketoacidosis occurs when the body has not received enough glucose as its primary energy source for a prolonged period. There are various reasons why a person may have fasted for a long time, including: economic factors

eating disorders

difficulty swallowing

cancer Mild ketosis — meaning that the body uses fat as an energy source — can occur after a 12–14 hour fast. Ketoacidosis happens when a buildup of ketones causes the blood to become acidic. In starvation ketoacidosis, once the body has run out of fat, it starts to break down muscle, which releases amino acids and lactate into a person’s blood. The liver then breaks these down into sugars to use for fuel. The transition from ketosis to ketoacidosis can occur after 2–3 days of fasting. After a couple more days, the breakdown of muscle may begin. Learn more about the difference between ketosis and ketoacidosis here. Other types of ketoacidosis According to a 2020 article , there are three types of ketoacidosis: diabetic ketoacidosis

alcohol ketoacidosis

starvation ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when a person’s body starts to run out of insulin, which can be life threatening. Diabetic ketoacidosis can happen in people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes, but it is more likely to affect those with type 1 diabetes. Learn about diabetic ketoacidosis here. Alcoholic ketoacidosis According to a 2020 review , alcoholic ketoacidosis mostly affects people who drink excessive amounts of alcohol and find that the resulting symptoms — such as vomiting, anxiety, and abdominal pain — make them unable to eat solid food for 1–3 days. Alcoholic ketoacidosis happens when a person’s body cannot make use of glucose from their diet. The alcohol in their blood keeps their blood sugar low and hampers the production of glucose by the liver. Symptoms and warning signs The signs and symptoms of starvation ketoacidosis can include : lower muscle mass

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lower body temperature

minimal body fat

low pulse rate

obvious bony prominences

tooth decay

sparse, thin, dry hair

low blood pressure A 2020 case report presented information about people with psychiatric issues and starvation ketoacidosis. The authors conclude that making an accurate diagnosis may be more challenging in people with psychiatric disorders, as these individuals may not be able to provide an accurate history of their health or eating habits. As a result, there may be a delay in treatment.

Causes Possible causes of starvation ketoacidosis include: gastric banding

malnutrition

eating disorders

the ketogenic diet, particularly when a person combines it with intermittent fasting

Risk factors Most people who have easy access to food have a low risk of developing starvation ketoacidosis. However, intermittent fasting, particularly in combination with an extreme diet such as the ketogenic diet, can put a person at higher risk of developing ketoacidosis. People interested in following specialized diets, such as the keto diet, should talk with their doctor before starting the diet. A 2020 article lists the following risk factors for starvation ketoacidosis: having difficulty swallowing, including after surgery or radiation therapy

having underlying conditions or diseases that prevent adequate nutrition

going for prolonged periods without adequate nutrition

Diagnosis Starvation ketoacidosis does not occur frequently in healthy individuals, as it happens due to a lack of glucose from the diet after long periods of starvation. Therefore, when starvation ketoacidosis occurs, a person’s doctor may look for other causes of weight loss, which can delay diagnosis and treatment. If a person experiences unexplained weight loss, they should tell their doctor about: any other symptoms

their diet

any underlying health conditions According to a 2020 article , a doctor will first need to stabilize the person before performing necessary tests, including blood tests, to check for electrolyte abnormalities and vitamin deficiencies. If a person receives a diagnosis of starvation ketoacidosis, the doctor will treat them accordingly. Treatment Starvation ketoacidosis occurs when the body becomes deprived of necessary food and energy for a prolonged period. Although eating may seem to be the obvious therapy, it can be dangerous for a person who has lived a long time with malnutrition. When a doctor treats a person for starvation ketoacidosis, they will need to monitor their electrolytes closely. During the process of introducing food, doctors will need to check and replace a person’s potassium, phosphate, and magnesium. One case study involved a person living with anorexia who had developed starvation ketoacidosis. Doctors treated this person with a dextrose solution for 15 hours, during which time the ketoacidosis improved. With proper treatment, including the treatment of underlying health conditions such as anorexia, a person should make a full recovery. Complications When starvation ketoacidosis occurs, a person’s body will often start to waste away. In other words, they will begin to look thinner or drawn out, and their bones will appear more pronounced. Another complication is that a person may experience lethargy and a severe loss of strength because the body has begun to break down muscle. Without treatment, ketoacidosis can be fatal.

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Prevention People who are living with an underlying health condition or undergoing radiation therapy or surgery should work with their doctor to make sure that they can eat enough food to prevent ketoacidosis. Help is also available for people living with eating disorders. Although treatment can be challenging, it can lead to recovery, offering the person a full and active life. Eating disorders can severely affect the quality of life of people living with these conditions and those close to them. Early intervention and treatment greatly improve the likelihood of recovery. Anyone who suspects that they or a loved one has an eating disorder can contact the National Eating Disorder Association for advice and support via: phone or text at 800-931-2237 online chat, by going to this link These services are only open during specific hours. Someone in crisis can text “NEDA” to 741741 at any time to get support from a trained volunteer at Crisis Text Line. Alternatively, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) run a Disaster Distress Helpline that people can contact on 800-985-5990 for 24-7 support. Many other resources are available, including: National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders

The Alliance for Eating Disorder Awareness

F.E.A.S.T., who provide support and educational resources to friends and family who want to help someone living with an eating disorder Learn more about different types of eating disorder here.

medicalnewstoday.com - Starvation ketoacidosis: Signs, causes, treatment, and more

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