Keto Means
Keto Means
Photo: George Zografidis
In severe kidney failure, the amount of urine may actually decrease, or the pet may stop making urine altogether. Other signs as things get worse include digested blood in the stool making the stool look black and tarry, or vomiting digested blood, which looks like coffee grounds.
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Read More »The initial treatment for acute kidney failure is usually intravenous fluids (IV). These fluids are used to restore good hydration and to flush out the substances that the kidneys are supposed to be removing from the bloodstream. Urine production is monitored throughout the IV fluid therapy as a decrease in urine can indicate the need for other therapies. Diuretics (water pills) are the most common medications used when attempting to increase urine output. In addition to fluid treatment, other medications are commonly used. Antacids such as Pepcid or Zantac are given because kidney failure frequently causes stomach ulcers. If ulcers are bleeding, medications to coat the ulcer may be prescribed. Antibiotics are given if the cause of the kidney failure is known or suspected to be infection. Because kidney failure is a big drain on the body's resources and because pets with kidney failure frequently refuse to eat, a temporary tube may be recommended. The condition of dogs and cats with acute kidney failure can change rapidly, and careful monitoring is necessary. This may include repeatedly checking blood pressure, body weight, electrocardiogram, and blood tests. It may be necessary to place a urinary catheter to measure urine volume. Potassium is an electrolyte normally found in the blood in low levels. With acute kidney failure, potassium levels may increase to dangerous levels, unlike in chronic kidney failure when levels tend to decrease. The increased potassium level slows the heartbeat and can cause the heart to stop. Very high blood pressure may develop because of the kidney failure, and blood pressure medicines are frequently needed. High blood pressure can cause blood vessels in the eye or brain to burst. This may manifest itself as bloating in the belly, swollen legs, or as shortness of breath, if the fluid builds up in the lungs. Not all animals with acute kidney failure will respond to IV fluids. Advanced renal therapies (e.g., peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis) may be necessary. Signs that indicate these therapies should be considered include a dangerously high potassium level, fluid in the lungs, or lack of improvement in laboratory results while one receives IV fluids. Peritoneal dialysis involves putting a tube directly into the belly cavity, putting fluid into the belly, and then draining it out after an hour to a few hours. This flushes out many of the toxins that the kidneys are failing to remove. It requires having a doctor or nurse by the patient 24 hours a day initially to keep flushing the fluid in and out. Unfortunately, even in the best of circumstances, complications such as infection around the tube and clogging of the tube are frequent after only a few days. Hemodialysis involves putting a very large IV catheter in a vein and using the catheter to remove part of the blood at a time. The blood is sent through a machine that cleans the blood. Hemodialysis is effective, but only a handful of veterinary hospitals are equipped to do hemodialysis. Both peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis are generally very expensive.
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