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What does a malnutrition person look like?

Symptoms. Malnourished children may be short for their age, thin or bloated, listless and have weakened immune systems. Nutritional disorders can affect any system in the body and the senses of sight, taste and smell. They may also produce anxiety, changes in mood and other psychiatric symptoms.

hopkinsmedicine.org - Malnutrition | Johns Hopkins Medicine

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What is malnutrition?

Malnutrition is the condition that develops when the body is deprived of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function. Malnutrition occurs in people who are either undernourished or overnourished. In the United States, more children suffer from malnutrition due to dietary imbalances than due to nutritional deficiencies. Undernutrition occurs when not enough essential nutrients are consumed or when they are excreted more rapidly than they can be replaced. Overnutrition occurs in people who eat too much, eat the wrong things, don't exercise enough or take too many vitamins or other dietary replacements. Risk of overnutrition is increased by being more than 20 percent overweight or consuming a diet high in fat and salt. About 1 percent of children in the United States suffer from chronic malnutrition.

Symptoms

Malnourished children may be short for their age, thin or bloated, listless and have weakened immune systems. Nutritional disorders can affect any system in the body and the senses of sight, taste and smell. They may also produce anxiety, changes in mood and other psychiatric symptoms.

Other symptoms include:

Pale, thick and dry skin

Bruising easily

Rashes

Changes in skin pigmentation

Thin hair that is tightly curled and pulls out easily

Achy joints

Bones that are soft and tender

Gums that bleed easily

Tongue that may be swollen or shriveled and cracked

Night blindness

Increased sensitivity to light and glare

Diagnosis

Overall appearance, behavior, body fat distribution and organ function can alert a physician to the presence of malnutrition. Patients may be asked to record what they eat during a specific period. X-rays can determine bone density and reveal gastrointestinal disturbances, as well as heart and lung damage. Blood and urine tests are used to measure the patient's levels of vitamins, minerals and waste products.

Treatment

Patients who cannot or will not eat or who are unable to absorb nutrients taken by mouth may be fed intravenously (parenteral nutrition) or through a tube inserted into the gastrointestinal tract (enteral nutrition). Tube feeding is often used to provide nutrients to patients who have suffered burns or who have inflammatory bowel disease. This procedure involves inserting a thin tube through the nose and carefully guiding it along the throat until it reaches the stomach or small intestine. If long-term tube feeding is necessary, the tube may be placed directly into the stomach or small intestine through an incision in the abdomen.

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What are the signs of last days of life?

End-of-Life Signs: The Final Days and Hours Breathing difficulties. Patients may go long periods without breathing, followed by quick breaths. ... Drop in body temperature and blood pressure. ... Less desire for food or drink. ... Changes in sleeping patterns. ... Confusion or withdraw.

compassus.com - End-of-Life Signs: The Final Days and Hours - Compassus

Hospice patients may want to eat, but experience difficulty swallowing or with nausea. Medications and disease can also change the taste of food. Food is often associated with nurturing and keeping up our strength. For many people approaching death, food can cause stomach and digestive problems. Avoid forced or pressured eating by allowing loved ones to eat softened versions of food, when they want it. As the body transitions to active dying, it often signals it has less need for food. “The issue of nutrition is probably one of the most guilt-inducing and emotionally charged issues for patients and families, said Synthia Cathcart, R.N., BSN. There will come a time when a patient no longer feels any desire to eat. No matter how upsetting to the family, the patient should not be pressured or forced into eating.”

Solutions

Offer small meals to those who still have a desire to eat. Serve meals during a time when patients experience less pain or agitation. Travel mugs with a straw enable patients to drink on their own schedule. If someone is refusing food or drink, flavored or plain ice chips can keep the mouth moist.

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