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What removes protein from urine?

Your kidneys keep you healthy by filtering your blood. The kidneys have small blood vessels called glomeruli. Glomeruli remove waste, which enters the urine, and reabsorb protein that stays in the blood.

healthline.com - Protein in Urine (Proteinuria): Causes, Symptoms, and More

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Proteinuria may be related to temporary conditions, such as dehydration, or more serious kidney damage. Let’s explore the possible causes of proteinuria, along with its symptoms and treatment. Glomerular proteinuria is the most common type. Albuminuria, or excess amounts of the protein albumin, is a subtype of glomerular proteinuria.

The different types of proteinuria include:

If your kidneys aren’t functioning properly, the protein can leak into your urine. The result is high protein levels in the urine, which is known as proteinuria. The kidneys have small blood vessels called glomeruli. Glomeruli remove waste, which enters the urine, and reabsorb protein that stays in the blood.

Your kidneys keep you healthy by filtering your blood.

If you have proteinuria, take note of your other symptoms. They may help a doctor identify the underlying cause.

Dehydration

Dehydration happens when your body loses too much fluid. It’s a common, temporary cause of proteinuria. Your body uses water to deliver nutrients, such as proteins, to the kidneys. Without enough fluid, it’ll have difficulty delivering nutrients. In turn, the kidneys can’t properly recapture proteins. The protein ends up in the urine instead. Other symptoms of proteinuria depend on the severity of dehydration. You may experience:

Dehydration can be caused by:

High blood pressure

High blood pressure, or hypertension, can weaken the blood vessels in the kidneys. This decreases their ability to reabsorb protein, which then flows into the urine. Since high blood pressure develops slowly, you may not have symptoms for years. If it becomes severe, it can cause headaches, shortness of breath, or nosebleeds. Most cases of high blood pressure don’t have an underlying cause. In some people, high blood pressure is a result of:

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that causes high levels of blood sugar. There are multiple types of diabetes, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes. With diabetes, high blood sugar forces the kidneys to filter the blood too much. This can cause kidney damage, allowing protein to leak into the urine.

Symptoms of diabetes depend on the severity and type. You may experience:

Glomerulonephritis

Proteinuria may indicate glomerulonephritis, or inflammation of the glomeruli.

Normally, when the glomeruli filter blood, they reabsorb protein. If the glomeruli are injured, protein can pass through and enter the urine. Glomerulonephritis can cause a set of symptoms called nephrotic syndrome. In addition to proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome involves:

hyperlipidemia, or high blood levels of fat and cholesterol

swollen feet, legs, or ankles

hypoalbuminemia, or low blood protein levels

Glomerulonephritis may also cause hematuria, or red blood cells in the urine. Hematuria makes urine look pink or cola-colored.

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Typically, glomerulonephritis happens when the immune system attacks the kidneys. It’s been associated with:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of kidney function. It may cause proteinuria in the early stages, but it usually doesn’t cause any noticeable symptoms.

As CKD progresses, you might experience:

shortness of breath

frequent urination

hiccups

fatigue

nausea

vomiting

trouble sleeping

dry, itchy skin

swollen hands and feet

low appetite

The following conditions can damage the kidneys and lead to CKD:

If CKD progresses, it can result in kidney failure.

Autoimmune diseases

The immune system usually produces antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, that fight foreign organisms. If you have an autoimmune disease, the immune system makes antibodies that attack the body’s tissues. These substances are called autoantibodies. If the autoantibodies injure the glomeruli, inflammation can occur. This leads to kidney damage, and eventually, proteinuria.

The following autoimmune diseases are associated with proteinuria:

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). While systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mainly involves the skin and joints, it can also affect the kidneys. While systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mainly involves the skin and joints, it can also affect the kidneys. Goodpasture syndrome. In Goodpasture syndrome, the autoantibodies specifically attack the kidneys and lungs. In Goodpasture syndrome, the autoantibodies specifically attack the kidneys and lungs. IgA nephropathy. IgA nephropathy happens when deposits of immunoglobulin A accumulate in the glomeruli.

Preeclampsia

In preeclampsia, a pregnant person develops high blood pressure at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy. This temporarily impairs the kidneys’ ability to filter protein, which causes proteinuria.

Other preeclampsia symptoms include:

swollen hands and face

headaches

blurry vision

abdominal pain on the right side

increased weight gain

Though preeclampsia usually goes away after delivery, it’s a serious condition that can lead to preterm birth. Individuals with preeclampsia should be carefully monitored.

Cancer

In severe cases, proteinuria is caused by cancer. Several types of cancer are associated with high urine protein levels, including:

It’s thought that the inflammatory effect of cancer alters kidney function.

In some conditions, such as multiple myeloma, kidney damage occurs when abnormal proteins in the blood bind with normal proteins in the urine. As kidney function declines, more protein ends up in the urine.