Keto Means
Keto Means
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Vitamin D reduces insulin resistance probably through its effect on calcium and phosphorus metabolism and through up regulation of the insulin receptor gene [13]. One study on 5,677 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance showed that vitamin D supplementation increased insulin sensitivity by 54% [14].
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Read More »The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose homeostasis. The results showed that vitamin D supplementation significantly decreased serum FPG,insulin and HOMA-IR in patients with T2DM. The role of basal serum FPG and vitamin D, sex, and HbA1c in predicting FPG final was 36%. There was an interesting finding. There was an inverse relation between final FPG and basal 25(OH) D concentration. In other words, higher serum basal 25(OH) D led to lower final FPG. This means that who had a higher serum basal 25(OH) D concentration benefited more of vitamin D intake to lowering final FPG. This may be because of non-skeletal effects of vitamin D which appears in higher vitamin D concentration and the effects of lower vitamin D concentration, are limited to the bone and muscle. Our data showed that effects of vitamin D on insulin resistance was significant when vitamin D concentration was 40–60 ng/ml(100–150 nmol/l) and in lower and upper vitamin D concentration, it didn,t affect on insulin resistance. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose homeostasis have been shown in numerous studies. Our findings are consistent with results of many other published studies, in which the insulin resistance appears to be decreased in T2DM patients who had received vitamin D. For example,Inzucchi showed a 60% improvement in insulin sensitivity by increased serum 25 (OH)D concentration from 10 to 30 ng/ml(25 to75nmol/l), by which metformin or troglitazone were 54% and 13% respectively [14]. Von Hurst (2009) showed that vitamin D supplementation significantly improved insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance [21]. Ken (2004) found an inverse relation between 25(OH) vitamin D concentration and FPG, but a direct relation with insulin sensitivity [17]. As to these studies, our study shows that mean FPG was significantly reduced after increased vitamin D intake. Monthly supplementation with 120,000 units of vitamin D also improved insulin sensitivity [22]. Although in contrast to some studies, there was a significant reduction in HOMA-IR after taking vitamin D, Witham foundout that vitamin D intake (at different dosage) had no effects on insulin resistance or on HbA1c [23] as did Lind [24]. Nagpal reported that vitamin D supplementation had no effect on mean of insulin sensitivity but two years treatment with vitamin D did improve HOMA-IR [25]. There are some mechanisms for the effects of vitamin D: presence of vitamin D receptors on pancreatic β cells [1], Vitamin D activating 1α hydroxylase is expressed in pancreatic β cells [26], presence of vitamin D response element in the insulin gene [27], presence of vitamin D receptor in skeletal muscle [28] and the fact that 1,25(OH)D increases transcription of insulin receptor genes [13], and also suppresses the renin gene reducing hyperglycemic-induced increases in renin levels in pancreatic β cells and blockade of renin-angiotensin activity has been proposed as a novel target for diabetes treatment [29].
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Read More »Protective effects of vitamin D on diabetes,maybe due to well known effects of vitamin D such as its anti-inflammatory properties, its effects on calcium and phosphorus metabolism and regulation of the insulin receptor gene [13]. It seems that vitamin D increases in calcium content of the cells, in turns leading to increased transport of glucose into the muscle [30]. Vitamin D also regulates nuclear PPAR (Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor)that has an important role in the insulin sensitivity [31]. vitamin D deficiency is associated with increases in inflammation. Vitamin D attenuates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines involved in insulin resistance such as interleukins, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, also down regulates NF-Kb (Nuclear factor) activity [32]. It would be useful, though to undertake further studies to discover more about the mechanism and the effect of vitamin D on both alpha and islet beta-cell function and also on the mechanisms determining insulin resistance. Some Iranian studies also showed that calcitriol [33],vitamin D injection [34] and vitamin D intake could,nt affect on diabetes and insulin resistance [35]. Although some of them reported significant effects of vitamin D on diabetes [36]. A limitation of our study is that we did not evaluate the effects of placebo on FPG, insulin or HOMA-IR. However, there are a few studies that didn’t use placebo, evaluated the effects of vitamin D at different doses on glucose homeostasis [21].
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